Journal of Natural Disaster Science

A HOLISTIC MODEL OF THE IMPACT OF STRESS AND TRAUMATIC STRESS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION

Mary REES-NISHIO
Faculty of Science Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Okayama, Okayama 700, Japan

(Received 31 October, 1997 and in revised form 17 April, 1998)

Abstract

A holistic model which is based on the latest findings in stress research and which merges the physical and psychobiological impact of stress is proposed. The model has been constructed by focusing on the initial survival value of the various changes which occur in the body and mind as a consequence of stress. The DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are reinterpreted from the perspective of survival value and discussed from the point of view of their adaptive value and potential long-term consequences. The ways in which these changes further increase the secretion of stress neurotransmitters and hormones, decrease physical and mental health, negatively impact the individual's social support system, job performance and coping in daily life, and eventually negatively impact society are discussed. Also discussed is how traumatic stress sets up a vicious cycle of traumatic stress. The importance of adoption of the holistic model by both health and mental health professionals and the implications of the model for post-crisis intervention are discussed. The necessity for a shift in focus from symptoms as pathology to symptoms as adaptive is emphasized. Acceptance of the model also carries implications for fundamental issues such as governmental policies, business practices, and social values. The model underscores the necessity of training for all people involved in the post-disaster effort. Stress impact education is not only essential for people living in dangerous areas, but for all citizens in order to enable them to live happier and healthier lives.

Key words

holistic model of stress, post traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, physical health, mental health, disaster planning and mitigation